
. xtset CantonID YearElections

Panel variable: CantonID (unbalanced)
 Time variable: YearElections, 2002 to 2024, but with gaps
         Delta: 1 unit

. 
. 
. xtreg Turnout  Treatment2024 i.YearElections i.CantonID,  vce(cluster CantonID)

Random-effects GLS regression                   Number of obs     =        488
Group variable: CantonID                        Number of groups  =         82

R-squared:                                      Obs per group:
     Within  = 0.5552                                         min =          2
     Between = 1.0000                                         avg =        6.0
     Overall = 0.8766                                         max =          6

                                                Wald chi2(6)      =          .
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed)                      Prob > chi2       =          .

                               (Std. err. adjusted for 82 clusters in CantonID)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              |               Robust
      Turnout | Coefficient  std. err.      z    P>|z|     [95% conf. interval]
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
Treatment2024 |   1.096186   1.008265     1.09   0.277    -.8799758    3.072349
              |
YearElections |
        2006  |   .9808959   .9050093     1.08   0.278    -.7928898    2.754682
        2010  |   5.245218   .7843776     6.69   0.000     3.707866     6.78257
        2016  |   11.19962   .8352819    13.41   0.000     9.562496    12.83674
        2020  |   11.64206   .8575408    13.58   0.000     9.961308    13.32281
        2024  |    6.12896   1.025095     5.98   0.000      4.11981     8.13811
              |
     CantonID |
           2  |   10.53009   2.61e-12  4.0e+12   0.000     10.53009    10.53009
           3  |  -.8870735   2.61e-12 -3.4e+11   0.000    -.8870735   -.8870735
           4  |   15.99992   .1680441    95.21   0.000     15.67056    16.32928
           5  |   15.92481   2.61e-12  6.1e+12   0.000     15.92481    15.92481
           6  |   6.696655   2.61e-12  2.6e+12   0.000     6.696655    6.696655
           7  |    14.8666   .1680441    88.47   0.000     14.53724    15.19596
           8  |   .0078207   .1680441     0.05   0.963    -.3215396    .3371811
           9  |   15.72126   2.61e-12  6.0e+12   0.000     15.72126    15.72126
          10  |   2.000428   2.61e-12  7.7e+11   0.000     2.000428    2.000428
          11  |   6.673084   2.61e-12  2.6e+12   0.000     6.673084    6.673084
          12  |   17.46782   2.61e-12  6.7e+12   0.000     17.46782    17.46782
          13  |   .3199621   2.61e-12  1.2e+11   0.000     .3199621    .3199621
          14  |   3.090971   2.61e-12  1.2e+12   0.000     3.090971    3.090971
          15  |   3.802559   2.61e-12  1.5e+12   0.000     3.802559    3.802559
          16  |    46.3864   2.61e-12  1.8e+13   0.000      46.3864     46.3864
          17  |   23.39087   2.61e-12  9.0e+12   0.000     23.39087    23.39087
          18  |   4.317645   .1680441    25.69   0.000     3.988284    4.647005
          19  |   12.13928   2.61e-12  4.6e+12   0.000     12.13928    12.13928
          20  |   24.86072   2.61e-12  9.5e+12   0.000     24.86072    24.86072
          21  |   4.163464   .1680441    24.78   0.000     3.834103    4.492824
          22  |   11.84485   2.61e-12  4.5e+12   0.000     11.84485    11.84485
          23  |   11.81179   .1680441    70.29   0.000     11.48243    12.14115
          24  |   33.86384   2.61e-12  1.3e+13   0.000     33.86384    33.86384
          25  |   23.95003   2.61e-12  9.2e+12   0.000     23.95003    23.95003
          26  |   15.70419   2.61e-12  6.0e+12   0.000     15.70419    15.70419
          27  |     20.269   .1680441   120.62   0.000     19.93964    20.59836
          28  |   15.56053   .1680441    92.60   0.000     15.23117    15.88989
          29  |   16.03606   .1680441    95.43   0.000      15.7067    16.36542
          30  |   14.14837   2.61e-12  5.4e+12   0.000     14.14837    14.14837
          31  |   26.54771   2.61e-12  1.0e+13   0.000     26.54771    26.54771
          32  |    26.4916   .1680441   157.65   0.000     26.16224    26.82096
          33  |   17.21991   .1680441   102.47   0.000     16.89055    17.54927
          34  |   21.05208   2.61e-12  8.1e+12   0.000     21.05208    21.05208
          35  |   23.62026   2.61e-12  9.0e+12   0.000     23.62026    23.62026
          36  |   32.24419   .4579262    70.41   0.000     31.34668    33.14171
          37  |   8.423098   .1680441    50.12   0.000     8.093738    8.752459
          38  |   14.02165   .1680441    83.44   0.000     13.69229    14.35101
          39  |   4.254805   .1680441    25.32   0.000     3.925445    4.584166
          40  |   28.62552   2.61e-12  1.1e+13   0.000     28.62552    28.62552
          41  |   11.09176   2.61e-12  4.2e+12   0.000     11.09176    11.09176
          42  |   20.24603   2.61e-12  7.8e+12   0.000     20.24603    20.24603
          43  |   9.378158   .1680441    55.81   0.000     9.048798    9.707519
          44  |   11.53067   2.61e-12  4.4e+12   0.000     11.53067    11.53067
          45  |  -.0749566   2.61e-12 -2.9e+10   0.000    -.0749566   -.0749566
          46  |   14.37858   .1680441    85.56   0.000     14.04922    14.70794
          47  |   9.371546   .1680441    55.77   0.000     9.042186    9.700906
          48  |   8.795184   .1680441    52.34   0.000     8.465824    9.124545
          49  |   4.636802   2.61e-12  1.8e+12   0.000     4.636802    4.636802
          50  |   12.84603   2.61e-12  4.9e+12   0.000     12.84603    12.84603
          51  |   17.45745   2.61e-12  6.7e+12   0.000     17.45745    17.45745
          52  |    15.1939   .1680441    90.42   0.000     14.86454    15.52326
          53  |   10.66514   .1680441    63.47   0.000     10.33578     10.9945
          54  |   12.67707   2.61e-12  4.9e+12   0.000     12.67707    12.67707
          55  |   7.387877   .1680441    43.96   0.000     7.058516    7.717237
          56  |   19.67951   .1680441   117.11   0.000     19.35014    20.00887
          57  |   21.40939   .1680441   127.40   0.000     21.08003    21.73875
          58  |   14.21725   .1680441    84.60   0.000     13.88789    14.54661
          59  |   20.54681   2.61e-12  7.9e+12   0.000     20.54681    20.54681
          60  |   13.97919   2.61e-12  5.4e+12   0.000     13.97919    13.97919
          61  |   28.38519   .1680441   168.92   0.000     28.05583    28.71455
          62  |   24.92009   2.61e-12  9.5e+12   0.000     24.92009    24.92009
          63  |   41.39402   2.61e-12  1.6e+13   0.000     41.39402    41.39402
          64  |   25.12966   .1680441   149.54   0.000      24.8003    25.45902
          65  |   35.88431   2.61e-12  1.4e+13   0.000     35.88431    35.88431
          66  |   10.57784   .1680441    62.95   0.000     10.24848     10.9072
          67  |   23.26885   2.61e-12  8.9e+12   0.000     23.26885    23.26885
          68  |   11.34389   2.61e-12  4.3e+12   0.000     11.34389    11.34389
          69  |   34.24965   2.61e-12  1.3e+13   0.000     34.24965    34.24965
          70  |   17.03195   2.61e-12  6.5e+12   0.000     17.03195    17.03195
          71  |    19.2722   .1680441   114.69   0.000     18.94284    19.60156
          72  |   10.07473   .1680441    59.95   0.000     9.745373    10.40409
          73  |   14.78924   .1680441    88.01   0.000     14.45988     15.1186
          74  |   29.09696   2.61e-12  1.1e+13   0.000     29.09696    29.09696
          75  |   7.684537   2.61e-12  2.9e+12   0.000     7.684537    7.684537
          76  |   23.57842   2.61e-12  9.0e+12   0.000     23.57842    23.57842
          77  |    6.90187   2.61e-12  2.6e+12   0.000      6.90187     6.90187
          78  |   6.682532   .1680441    39.77   0.000     6.353172    7.011892
          79  |   9.073796   2.61e-12  3.5e+12   0.000     9.073796    9.073796
          80  |   28.50007   .1680441   169.60   0.000     28.17071    28.82943
          81  |   21.97397   .1680441   130.76   0.000     21.64461    22.30333
          82  |   10.45799   2.61e-12  4.0e+12   0.000     10.45799    10.45799
              |
        _cons |   14.28597   .6190097    23.08   0.000     13.07273    15.49921
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      sigma_u |          0
      sigma_e |  4.4425194
          rho |          0   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. 
. 
. xtreg NumberOfCandidates Treatment2024 i.YearElections i.CantonID,  vce(cluster CantonID)

Random-effects GLS regression                   Number of obs     =        488
Group variable: CantonID                        Number of groups  =         82

R-squared:                                      Obs per group:
     Within  = 0.5880                                         min =          2
     Between = 1.0000                                         avg =        6.0
     Overall = 0.7381                                         max =          6

                                                Wald chi2(6)      =          .
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed)                      Prob > chi2       =          .

                               (Std. err. adjusted for 82 clusters in CantonID)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              |               Robust
NumberOfCan~s | Coefficient  std. err.      z    P>|z|     [95% conf. interval]
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
Treatment2024 |   .4801996   .4269348     1.12   0.261    -.3565771    1.316976
              |
YearElections |
        2006  |   .0493827    .184805     0.27   0.789    -.3128285    .4115939
        2010  |  -.4074074   .1974609    -2.06   0.039    -.7944236   -.0203912
        2016  |   2.864198   .2532872    11.31   0.000     2.367764    3.360631
        2020  |   3.845901   .2972639    12.94   0.000     3.263274    4.428528
        2024  |   1.881882   .3666974     5.13   0.000     1.163168    2.600596
              |
     CantonID |
           2  |  -3.833333   4.22e-14 -9.1e+13   0.000    -3.833333   -3.833333
           3  |         -1   4.22e-14 -2.4e+13   0.000           -1          -1
           4  |  -5.086633   .0711558   -71.49   0.000    -5.226096   -4.947171
           5  |  -5.833333   4.22e-14 -1.4e+14   0.000    -5.833333   -5.833333
           6  |         -4   4.22e-14 -9.5e+13   0.000           -4          -4
           7  |  -4.919967   .0711558   -69.14   0.000     -5.05943   -4.780504
           8  |  -.5866334   .0711558    -8.24   0.000    -.7260962   -.4471706
           9  |  -2.833333   4.22e-14 -6.7e+13   0.000    -2.833333   -2.833333
          10  |       -3.5   4.22e-14 -8.3e+13   0.000         -3.5        -3.5
          11  |  -4.333333   4.23e-14 -1.0e+14   0.000    -4.333333   -4.333333
          12  |  -7.333333   4.23e-14 -1.7e+14   0.000    -7.333333   -7.333333
          13  |  -3.333333   4.22e-14 -7.9e+13   0.000    -3.333333   -3.333333
          14  |  -2.166667   4.22e-14 -5.1e+13   0.000    -2.166667   -2.166667
          15  |  -3.166667   4.22e-14 -7.5e+13   0.000    -3.166667   -3.166667
          16  |  -7.166667   4.22e-14 -1.7e+14   0.000    -7.166667   -7.166667
          17  |  -6.833333   4.22e-14 -1.6e+14   0.000    -6.833333   -6.833333
          18  |    -2.7533   .0711558   -38.69   0.000    -2.892763   -2.613837
          19  |  -3.666667   4.22e-14 -8.7e+13   0.000    -3.666667   -3.666667
          20  |       -7.5   4.22e-14 -1.8e+14   0.000         -7.5        -7.5
          21  |  -1.586633   .0711558   -22.30   0.000    -1.726096   -1.447171
          22  |  -4.833333   4.22e-14 -1.1e+14   0.000    -4.833333   -4.833333
          23  |    -3.7533   .0711558   -52.75   0.000    -3.892763   -3.613837
          24  |  -4.833333   4.22e-14 -1.1e+14   0.000    -4.833333   -4.833333
          25  |         -4   4.22e-14 -9.5e+13   0.000           -4          -4
          26  |  -3.833333   4.22e-14 -9.1e+13   0.000    -3.833333   -3.833333
          27  |  -3.086633   .0711558   -43.38   0.000    -3.226096   -2.947171
          28  |  -4.586633   .0711558   -64.46   0.000    -4.726096   -4.447171
          29  |  -5.586633   .0711558   -78.51   0.000    -5.726096   -5.447171
          30  |  -4.333333   4.23e-14 -1.0e+14   0.000    -4.333333   -4.333333
          31  |         -7   4.22e-14 -1.7e+14   0.000           -7          -7
          32  |    -5.2533   .0711558   -73.83   0.000    -5.392763   -5.113837
          33  |    -5.7533   .0711558   -80.85   0.000    -5.892763   -5.613837
          34  |         -5   4.23e-14 -1.2e+14   0.000           -5          -5
          35  |  -5.166667   4.22e-14 -1.2e+14   0.000    -5.166667   -5.166667
          36  |  -6.078199   .2092208   -29.05   0.000    -6.488264   -5.668134
          37  |    -2.2533   .0711558   -31.67   0.000    -2.392763   -2.113837
          38  |  -2.086633   .0711558   -29.32   0.000    -2.226096   -1.947171
          39  |  -.7533001   .0711558   -10.59   0.000    -.8927628   -.6138373
          40  |  -4.666667   4.22e-14 -1.1e+14   0.000    -4.666667   -4.666667
          41  |  -3.666667   4.22e-14 -8.7e+13   0.000    -3.666667   -3.666667
          42  |  -5.333333   4.22e-14 -1.3e+14   0.000    -5.333333   -5.333333
          43  |  -3.586633   .0711558   -50.41   0.000    -3.726096   -3.447171
          44  |       -4.5   4.23e-14 -1.1e+14   0.000         -4.5        -4.5
          45  |  -3.166667   4.22e-14 -7.5e+13   0.000    -3.166667   -3.166667
          46  |  -2.419967   .0711558   -34.01   0.000     -2.55943   -2.280504
          47  |    -4.2533   .0711558   -59.77   0.000    -4.392763   -4.113837
          48  |  -4.586633   .0711558   -64.46   0.000    -4.726096   -4.447171
          49  |  -4.333333   4.23e-14 -1.0e+14   0.000    -4.333333   -4.333333
          50  |  -5.166667   4.23e-14 -1.2e+14   0.000    -5.166667   -5.166667
          51  |  -5.333333   4.22e-14 -1.3e+14   0.000    -5.333333   -5.333333
          52  |  -5.586633   .0711558   -78.51   0.000    -5.726096   -5.447171
          53  |    -5.2533   .0711558   -73.83   0.000    -5.392763   -5.113837
          54  |  -3.833333   4.22e-14 -9.1e+13   0.000    -3.833333   -3.833333
          55  |  -2.586633   .0711558   -36.35   0.000    -2.726096   -2.447171
          56  |  -2.919967   .0711558   -41.04   0.000     -3.05943   -2.780504
          57  |  -2.586633   .0711558   -36.35   0.000    -2.726096   -2.447171
          58  |  -5.419967   .0711558   -76.17   0.000     -5.55943   -5.280504
          59  |  -5.166667   4.23e-14 -1.2e+14   0.000    -5.166667   -5.166667
          60  |  -5.333333   4.22e-14 -1.3e+14   0.000    -5.333333   -5.333333
          61  |    -4.2533   .0711558   -59.77   0.000    -4.392763   -4.113837
          62  |  -6.333333   4.23e-14 -1.5e+14   0.000    -6.333333   -6.333333
          63  |         -5   4.22e-14 -1.2e+14   0.000           -5          -5
          64  |  -6.086633   .0711558   -85.54   0.000    -6.226096   -5.947171
          65  |  -6.666667   4.22e-14 -1.6e+14   0.000    -6.666667   -6.666667
          66  |  -2.919967   .0711558   -41.04   0.000     -3.05943   -2.780504
          67  |  -4.333333   4.23e-14 -1.0e+14   0.000    -4.333333   -4.333333
          68  |  -5.333333   4.23e-14 -1.3e+14   0.000    -5.333333   -5.333333
          69  |  -4.833333   4.23e-14 -1.1e+14   0.000    -4.833333   -4.833333
          70  |       -4.5   4.22e-14 -1.1e+14   0.000         -4.5        -4.5
          71  |    -2.7533   .0711558   -38.69   0.000    -2.892763   -2.613837
          72  |  -4.586633   .0711558   -64.46   0.000    -4.726096   -4.447171
          73  |  -5.919967   .0711558   -83.20   0.000     -6.05943   -5.780504
          74  |  -4.166667   4.23e-14 -9.9e+13   0.000    -4.166667   -4.166667
          75  |         -4   4.22e-14 -9.5e+13   0.000           -4          -4
          76  |         -5   4.23e-14 -1.2e+14   0.000           -5          -5
          77  |         -1   4.23e-14 -2.4e+13   0.000           -1          -1
          78  |  -1.919967   .0711558   -26.98   0.000     -2.05943   -1.780504
          79  |  -1.333333   4.23e-14 -3.2e+13   0.000    -1.333333   -1.333333
          80  |  -3.919967   .0711558   -55.09   0.000     -4.05943   -3.780504
          81  |  -2.586633   .0711558   -36.35   0.000    -2.726096   -2.447171
          82  |  -3.166667   4.23e-14 -7.5e+13   0.000    -3.166667   -3.166667
              |
        _cons |   8.714307   .1483863    58.73   0.000     8.423476    9.005139
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      sigma_u |          0
      sigma_e |  1.4989451
          rho |          0   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. xtreg EffectiveNumberCand Treatment2024 i.YearElections i.CantonID,  vce(cluster CantonID)

Random-effects GLS regression                   Number of obs     =        488
Group variable: CantonID                        Number of groups  =         82

R-squared:                                      Obs per group:
     Within  = 0.2658                                         min =          2
     Between = 1.0000                                         avg =        6.0
     Overall = 0.5421                                         max =          6

                                                Wald chi2(6)      =          .
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed)                      Prob > chi2       =          .

                               (Std. err. adjusted for 82 clusters in CantonID)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              |               Robust
EffectiveNu~d | Coefficient  std. err.      z    P>|z|     [95% conf. interval]
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
Treatment2024 |   .8030685   .3515155     2.28   0.022     .1141108    1.492026
              |
YearElections |
        2006  |  -.2315986   .1157934    -2.00   0.045    -.4585495   -.0046477
        2010  |  -.1836381   .1272653    -1.44   0.149    -.4330735    .0657974
        2016  |   .9942465   .1643778     6.05   0.000     .6720719    1.316421
        2020  |   .9581951   .2082126     4.60   0.000     .5501058    1.366284
        2024  |    .296025    .330112     0.90   0.370    -.3509826    .9430326
              |
     CantonID |
           2  |  -1.203022   7.06e-14 -1.7e+13   0.000    -1.203022   -1.203022
           3  |  -.0777772   7.06e-14 -1.1e+12   0.000    -.0777772   -.0777772
           4  |  -1.229271   .0585859   -20.98   0.000    -1.344097   -1.114445
           5  |  -1.748226   7.06e-14 -2.5e+13   0.000    -1.748226   -1.748226
           6  |  -.9479659   7.06e-14 -1.3e+13   0.000    -.9479659   -.9479659
           7  |  -1.071558   .0585859   -18.29   0.000    -1.186385   -.9567322
           8  |   1.706258   .0585859    29.12   0.000     1.591432    1.821085
           9  |  -.7386101   7.06e-14 -1.0e+13   0.000    -.7386101   -.7386101
          10  |  -.9635752   7.06e-14 -1.4e+13   0.000    -.9635752   -.9635752
          11  |  -.7650825   7.06e-14 -1.1e+13   0.000    -.7650825   -.7650825
          12  |  -2.249991   7.06e-14 -3.2e+13   0.000    -2.249991   -2.249991
          13  |  -.3729031   7.06e-14 -5.3e+12   0.000    -.3729031   -.3729031
          14  |  -.0859086   7.06e-14 -1.2e+12   0.000    -.0859086   -.0859086
          15  |   .5364944   7.06e-14  7.6e+12   0.000     .5364944    .5364944
          16  |  -2.198176   7.06e-14 -3.1e+13   0.000    -2.198176   -2.198176
          17  |  -2.569239   7.06e-14 -3.6e+13   0.000    -2.569239   -2.569239
          18  |  -.1060455   .0585859    -1.81   0.070    -.2208718    .0087808
          19  |  -.9325526   7.06e-14 -1.3e+13   0.000    -.9325526   -.9325526
          20  |  -2.456118   7.06e-14 -3.5e+13   0.000    -2.456118   -2.456118
          21  |  -.0523041   .0585859    -0.89   0.372    -.1671304    .0625222
          22  |  -1.402563   7.06e-14 -2.0e+13   0.000    -1.402563   -1.402563
          23  |   .2461532   .0585859     4.20   0.000     .1313269    .3609795
          24  |  -1.355221   7.06e-14 -1.9e+13   0.000    -1.355221   -1.355221
          25  |  -.2756612   7.06e-14 -3.9e+12   0.000    -.2756612   -.2756612
          26  |   -.932918   7.06e-14 -1.3e+13   0.000     -.932918    -.932918
          27  |  -.1958445   .0585859    -3.34   0.001    -.3106708   -.0810183
          28  |  -.8947249   .0585859   -15.27   0.000    -1.009551   -.7798986
          29  |  -1.678327   .0585859   -28.65   0.000    -1.793153   -1.563501
          30  |  -1.460612   7.06e-14 -2.1e+13   0.000    -1.460612   -1.460612
          31  |  -2.342618   7.06e-14 -3.3e+13   0.000    -2.342618   -2.342618
          32  |  -.6949705   .0585859   -11.86   0.000    -.8097968   -.5801443
          33  |   -1.93304   .0585859   -32.99   0.000    -2.047866   -1.818214
          34  |  -1.092154   7.06e-14 -1.5e+13   0.000    -1.092154   -1.092154
          35  |  -1.147947   7.06e-14 -1.6e+13   0.000    -1.147947   -1.147947
          36  |  -2.147954   .1815859   -11.83   0.000    -2.503856   -1.792052
          37  |  -.6981975   .0585859   -11.92   0.000    -.8130238   -.5833712
          38  |   .1175147   .0585859     2.01   0.045     .0026884     .232341
          39  |   1.224302   .0585859    20.90   0.000     1.109476    1.339128
          40  |  -1.422601   7.06e-14 -2.0e+13   0.000    -1.422601   -1.422601
          41  |  -.7179953   7.06e-14 -1.0e+13   0.000    -.7179953   -.7179953
          42  |   -1.23293   7.06e-14 -1.7e+13   0.000     -1.23293    -1.23293
          43  |   .1271682   .0585859     2.17   0.030      .012342    .2419945
          44  |  -1.468096   7.06e-14 -2.1e+13   0.000    -1.468096   -1.468096
          45  |  -1.238377   7.06e-14 -1.8e+13   0.000    -1.238377   -1.238377
          46  |   .4863473   .0585859     8.30   0.000      .371521    .6011735
          47  |  -.0948746   .0585859    -1.62   0.105    -.2097009    .0199517
          48  |  -.4325296   .0585859    -7.38   0.000    -.5473559   -.3177034
          49  |  -.9815158   7.06e-14 -1.4e+13   0.000    -.9815158   -.9815158
          50  |  -1.668492   7.06e-14 -2.4e+13   0.000    -1.668492   -1.668492
          51  |  -1.399527   7.06e-14 -2.0e+13   0.000    -1.399527   -1.399527
          52  |  -.8441769   .0585859   -14.41   0.000    -.9590032   -.7293506
          53  |  -1.578587   .0585859   -26.94   0.000    -1.693413    -1.46376
          54  |  -1.207363   7.06e-14 -1.7e+13   0.000    -1.207363   -1.207363
          55  |   .7308424   .0585859    12.47   0.000     .6160161    .8456687
          56  |  -.2720503   .0585859    -4.64   0.000    -.3868766    -.157224
          57  |   .1942677   .0585859     3.32   0.001     .0794414     .309094
          58  |  -.8793243   .0585859   -15.01   0.000    -.9941506    -.764498
          59  |  -1.163176   7.06e-14 -1.6e+13   0.000    -1.163176   -1.163176
          60  |  -1.847294   7.06e-14 -2.6e+13   0.000    -1.847294   -1.847294
          61  |  -.1948106   .0585859    -3.33   0.001    -.3096369   -.0799843
          62  |  -1.710069   7.06e-14 -2.4e+13   0.000    -1.710069   -1.710069
          63  |  -1.058284   7.06e-14 -1.5e+13   0.000    -1.058284   -1.058284
          64  |  -1.928949   .0585859   -32.93   0.000    -2.043775   -1.814122
          65  |  -2.072601   7.06e-14 -2.9e+13   0.000    -2.072601   -2.072601
          66  |   .1371687   .0585859     2.34   0.019     .0223424     .251995
          67  |  -1.243268   7.06e-14 -1.8e+13   0.000    -1.243268   -1.243268
          68  |  -1.253941   7.06e-14 -1.8e+13   0.000    -1.253941   -1.253941
          69  |  -1.551575   7.06e-14 -2.2e+13   0.000    -1.551575   -1.551575
          70  |  -.8075761   7.06e-14 -1.1e+13   0.000    -.8075761   -.8075761
          71  |   .4759235   .0585859     8.12   0.000     .3610972    .5907498
          72  |  -.5880371   .0585859   -10.04   0.000    -.7028634   -.4732108
          73  |  -1.713976   .0585859   -29.26   0.000    -1.828802   -1.599149
          74  |  -.1540197   7.06e-14 -2.2e+12   0.000    -.1540197   -.1540197
          75  |  -1.071478   7.06e-14 -1.5e+13   0.000    -1.071478   -1.071478
          76  |  -1.263642   7.06e-14 -1.8e+13   0.000    -1.263642   -1.263642
          77  |   .3383496   7.06e-14  4.8e+12   0.000     .3383496    .3383496
          78  |   .1980604   .0585859     3.38   0.001     .0832341    .3128866
          79  |   .2708978   7.06e-14  3.8e+12   0.000     .2708978    .2708978
          80  |  -1.175808   .0585859   -20.07   0.000    -1.290634   -1.060982
          81  |  -.1901486   .0585859    -3.25   0.001    -.3049749   -.0753223
          82  |   -.406783   7.06e-14 -5.8e+12   0.000     -.406783    -.406783
              |
        _cons |   3.957133    .097715    40.50   0.000     3.765615    4.148651
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      sigma_u |          0
      sigma_e |  1.0127143
          rho |          0   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. xtreg MarginVictory Treatment2024 i.YearElections i.CantonID,  vce(cluster CantonID)

Random-effects GLS regression                   Number of obs     =        488
Group variable: CantonID                        Number of groups  =         82

R-squared:                                      Obs per group:
     Within  = 0.0964                                         min =          2
     Between = 1.0000                                         avg =        6.0
     Overall = 0.2726                                         max =          6

                                                Wald chi2(6)      =          .
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed)                      Prob > chi2       =          .

                               (Std. err. adjusted for 82 clusters in CantonID)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              |               Robust
MarginVictory | Coefficient  std. err.      z    P>|z|     [95% conf. interval]
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
Treatment2024 |   -16.6976   4.507921    -3.70   0.000    -25.53297   -7.862242
              |
YearElections |
        2006  |   9.331351   2.404584     3.88   0.000     4.618453    14.04425
        2010  |   4.581625    2.17332     2.11   0.035     .3219956    8.841255
        2016  |   3.007388   2.227515     1.35   0.177    -1.358462    7.373238
        2020  |   7.682918   2.596158     2.96   0.003     2.594541     12.7713
        2024  |   12.54774   3.990394     3.14   0.002     4.726713    20.36877
              |
     CantonID |
           2  |  -12.67779   3.55e-14 -3.6e+14   0.000    -12.67779   -12.67779
           3  |  -4.530401   3.57e-14 -1.3e+14   0.000    -4.530401   -4.530401
           4  |  -16.65187   .7513201   -22.16   0.000    -18.12443   -15.17931
           5  |  -.6802006   3.55e-14 -1.9e+13   0.000    -.6802006   -.6802006
           6  |  -9.748867   3.54e-14 -2.8e+14   0.000    -9.748867   -9.748867
           7  |   -13.4799   .7513201   -17.94   0.000    -14.95246   -12.00734
           8  |  -22.82054   .7513201   -30.37   0.000     -24.2931   -21.34798
           9  |  -10.44181   3.55e-14 -2.9e+14   0.000    -10.44181   -10.44181
          10  |  -9.114493   3.58e-14 -2.5e+14   0.000    -9.114493   -9.114493
          11  |   -18.5213   3.55e-14 -5.2e+14   0.000     -18.5213    -18.5213
          12  |   2.842969   3.54e-14  8.0e+13   0.000     2.842969    2.842969
          13  |  -9.002807   3.55e-14 -2.5e+14   0.000    -9.002807   -9.002807
          14  |  -14.29121   3.54e-14 -4.0e+14   0.000    -14.29121   -14.29121
          15  |  -17.81633   3.60e-14 -4.9e+14   0.000    -17.81633   -17.81633
          16  |  -15.62059   3.59e-14 -4.4e+14   0.000    -15.62059   -15.62059
          17  |   15.55992   3.55e-14  4.4e+14   0.000     15.55992    15.55992
          18  |   -7.17516   .7513201    -9.55   0.000    -8.647721     -5.7026
          19  |  -16.56895   3.58e-14 -4.6e+14   0.000    -16.56895   -16.56895
          20  |   -.343962   3.61e-14 -9.5e+12   0.000     -.343962    -.343962
          21  |  -7.937128   .7513201   -10.56   0.000    -9.409688   -6.464568
          22  |  -5.774032   3.54e-14 -1.6e+14   0.000    -5.774032   -5.774032
          23  |  -14.80348   .7513201   -19.70   0.000    -16.27604   -13.33092
          24  |  -8.592997   3.56e-14 -2.4e+14   0.000    -8.592997   -8.592997
          25  |   -15.6675   3.54e-14 -4.4e+14   0.000     -15.6675    -15.6675
          26  |  -5.074183   3.54e-14 -1.4e+14   0.000    -5.074183   -5.074183
          27  |  -20.47522   .7513201   -27.25   0.000    -21.94778   -19.00266
          28  |  -18.30114   .7513201   -24.36   0.000     -19.7737   -16.82858
          29  |  -15.79166   .7513201   -21.02   0.000    -17.26422    -14.3191
          30  |  -5.170566   3.56e-14 -1.5e+14   0.000    -5.170566   -5.170566
          31  |  -2.597262   3.55e-14 -7.3e+13   0.000    -2.597262   -2.597262
          32  |  -19.25252   .7513201   -25.62   0.000    -20.72508   -17.77996
          33  |  -9.808349   .7513201   -13.05   0.000    -11.28091   -8.335789
          34  |    -14.302   3.58e-14 -4.0e+14   0.000      -14.302     -14.302
          35  |   -10.7943   3.56e-14 -3.0e+14   0.000     -10.7943    -10.7943
          36  |   8.126148    2.27855     3.57   0.000     3.660272    12.59202
          37  |  -9.517156   .7513201   -12.67   0.000    -10.98972   -8.044596
          38  |  -16.31746   .7513201   -21.72   0.000    -17.79002    -14.8449
          39  |  -20.42603   .7513201   -27.19   0.000    -21.89859   -18.95347
          40  |  -6.952798   3.55e-14 -2.0e+14   0.000    -6.952798   -6.952798
          41  |  -7.103728   3.61e-14 -2.0e+14   0.000    -7.103728   -7.103728
          42  |  -11.18888   3.58e-14 -3.1e+14   0.000    -11.18888   -11.18888
          43  |   -19.2162   .7513201   -25.58   0.000    -20.68876   -17.74363
          44  |  -13.73184   3.56e-14 -3.9e+14   0.000    -13.73184   -13.73184
          45  |  -3.406335   3.54e-14 -9.6e+13   0.000    -3.406335   -3.406335
          46  |   -16.5115   .7513201   -21.98   0.000    -17.98406   -15.03894
          47  |  -24.07558   .7513201   -32.04   0.000    -25.54814   -22.60302
          48  |  -18.68177   .7513201   -24.87   0.000    -20.15433   -17.20921
          49  |  -11.25163   3.55e-14 -3.2e+14   0.000    -11.25163   -11.25163
          50  |  -5.063861   3.55e-14 -1.4e+14   0.000    -5.063861   -5.063861
          51  |  -10.02321   3.58e-14 -2.8e+14   0.000    -10.02321   -10.02321
          52  |  -25.45967   .7513201   -33.89   0.000    -26.93223   -23.98711
          53  |  -5.396027   .7513201    -7.18   0.000    -6.868587   -3.923467
          54  |    3.14025   3.62e-14  8.7e+13   0.000      3.14025     3.14025
          55  |  -24.44021   .7513201   -32.53   0.000    -25.91277   -22.96765
          56  |   -15.0284   .7513201   -20.00   0.000    -16.50096   -13.55584
          57  |  -18.32612   .7513201   -24.39   0.000    -19.79868   -16.85356
          58  |  -12.09065   .7513201   -16.09   0.000    -13.56321   -10.61809
          59  |  -7.397936   3.58e-14 -2.1e+14   0.000    -7.397936   -7.397936
          60  |   .5179423   3.56e-14  1.5e+13   0.000     .5179423    .5179423
          61  |  -20.21537   .7513201   -26.91   0.000    -21.68793   -18.74281
          62  |  -4.890733   3.60e-14 -1.4e+14   0.000    -4.890733   -4.890733
          63  |  -13.14103   3.61e-14 -3.6e+14   0.000    -13.14103   -13.14103
          64  |  -10.95434   .7513201   -14.58   0.000     -12.4269   -9.481777
          65  |   6.943199   3.55e-14  2.0e+14   0.000     6.943199    6.943199
          66  |  -19.88438   .7513201   -26.47   0.000    -21.35694   -18.41182
          67  |  -12.26622   3.55e-14 -3.5e+14   0.000    -12.26622   -12.26622
          68  |  -10.37366   3.57e-14 -2.9e+14   0.000    -10.37366   -10.37366
          69  |   -4.89274   3.56e-14 -1.4e+14   0.000     -4.89274    -4.89274
          70  |  -7.307586   3.56e-14 -2.1e+14   0.000    -7.307586   -7.307586
          71  |  -21.29473   .7513201   -28.34   0.000    -22.76729   -19.82217
          72  |  -17.50421   .7513201   -23.30   0.000    -18.97677   -16.03165
          73  |  -10.53604   .7513201   -14.02   0.000     -12.0086   -9.063481
          74  |  -19.45698   3.56e-14 -5.5e+14   0.000    -19.45698   -19.45698
          75  |  -6.335954   3.66e-14 -1.7e+14   0.000    -6.335954   -6.335954
          76  |  -8.230398   3.55e-14 -2.3e+14   0.000    -8.230398   -8.230398
          77  |  -17.97509   3.57e-14 -5.0e+14   0.000    -17.97509   -17.97509
          78  |  -14.23233   .7513201   -18.94   0.000    -15.70489   -12.75977
          79  |  -13.91321   3.55e-14 -3.9e+14   0.000    -13.91321   -13.91321
          80  |  -10.86581   .7513201   -14.46   0.000    -12.33837    -9.39325
          81  |  -15.71103   .7513201   -20.91   0.000    -17.18359   -14.23847
          82  |  -12.52951   3.55e-14 -3.5e+14   0.000    -12.52951   -12.52951
              |
        _cons |   24.15862   1.388163    17.40   0.000     21.43787    26.87937
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      sigma_u |          0
      sigma_e |  14.812271
          rho |          0   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. 
. 
. twoway (scatter Turnout LNRegisteredVoters), by(YearElections)

. 
. 
. 
. sum Treatment2024 Turnout NumberOfCandidates EffectiveNumberCand MarginVictory LNRegisteredVoters

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
Treatme~2024 |        488    .0983607    .2981073          0          1
     Turnout |        488    35.85449    11.46328   11.09746   77.65393
NumberOfCa~s |        488    6.010246    2.654255          1         17
EffectiveN~d |        488    3.523719    1.356281          1   9.459273
MarginVict~y |        488    17.45898    15.74032          0        100
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
LNRegister~s |        488    10.12477    .8668502   8.073403   12.37682

. 
. 
. 
. xtreg Turnout  c.LNRegisteredVoters##i.Treatment2024 i.YearElections i.CantonID,  vce(cluster CantonID)

Random-effects GLS regression                   Number of obs     =        488
Group variable: CantonID                        Number of groups  =         82

R-squared:                                      Obs per group:
     Within  = 0.5737                                         min =          2
     Between = 1.0000                                         avg =        6.0
     Overall = 0.8818                                         max =          6

                                                Wald chi2(8)      =          .
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed)                      Prob > chi2       =          .

                                                    (Std. err. adjusted for 82 clusters in CantonID)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   |               Robust
                           Turnout | Coefficient  std. err.      z    P>|z|     [95% conf. interval]
-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                LNRegisteredVoters |  -12.13717   5.977101    -2.03   0.042    -23.85207    -.422264
                   1.Treatment2024 |  -13.89537   8.491564    -1.64   0.102    -30.53853    2.747791
                                   |
Treatment2024#c.LNRegisteredVoters |
                                1  |   1.445117   .8105433     1.78   0.075    -.1435185    3.033753
                                   |
                     YearElections |
                             2006  |   2.381618   1.226411     1.94   0.052    -.0221027    4.785339
                             2010  |   8.022526   1.551707     5.17   0.000     4.981236    11.06382
                             2016  |   15.42694   2.355742     6.55   0.000     10.80977    20.04411
                             2020  |   16.76881   2.782904     6.03   0.000     11.31441     22.2232
                             2024  |   12.04865   3.020996     3.99   0.000     6.127609     17.9697
                                   |
                          CantonID |
                                2  |  -9.612533   10.18576    -0.94   0.345    -29.57626    10.35119
                                3  |  -6.119826   2.637835    -2.32   0.020    -11.28989   -.9497641
                                4  |  -10.19788   13.24769    -0.77   0.441    -36.16288    15.76712
                                5  |  -20.34896   18.37524    -1.11   0.268    -56.36377    15.66584
                                6  |  -14.55296   10.75353    -1.35   0.176     -35.6295    6.523575
                                7  |  -15.23924   15.17188    -1.00   0.315    -44.97557     14.4971
                                8  |  -11.34379   5.940145    -1.91   0.056    -22.98626    .2986823
                                9  |  -8.541616   12.25569    -0.70   0.486    -32.56233     15.4791
                               10  |   -17.0782    9.65397    -1.77   0.077    -35.99964    1.843232
                               11  |  -12.29884   9.593263    -1.28   0.200    -31.10129    6.503608
                               12  |  -15.04675   16.46504    -0.91   0.361    -47.31763    17.22413
                               13  |  -16.49738   8.535027    -1.93   0.053    -33.22572    .2309696
                               14  |  -17.43342   10.39621    -1.68   0.094    -37.80962    2.942787
                               15  |  -16.54676   10.32102    -1.60   0.109    -36.77559     3.68207
                               16  |  -1.024569   24.02233    -0.04   0.966    -48.10747    46.05833
                               17  |  -22.08288   23.03965    -0.96   0.338    -67.23977    23.07401
                               18  |  -14.84735   9.785348    -1.52   0.129    -34.02628    4.331577
                               19  |   2.214181   5.007228     0.44   0.658    -7.599805    12.02817
                               20  |  -14.69465   20.04402    -0.73   0.463     -53.9802    24.59089
                               21  |    1.81643   1.525073     1.19   0.234    -1.172659    4.805519
                               22  |   -4.88284   8.450812    -0.58   0.563    -21.44613    11.68045
                               23  |  -5.868611   9.054564    -0.65   0.517    -23.61523    11.87801
                               24  |  -13.99109    24.2379    -0.58   0.564     -61.4965    33.51432
                               25  |  -6.116769   15.21937    -0.40   0.688    -35.94618    23.71264
                               26  |  -8.963951   12.48918    -0.72   0.473     -33.4423     15.5144
                               27  |  -5.758835   13.16401    -0.44   0.662    -31.55982    20.04215
                               28  |  -14.07014   14.93792    -0.94   0.346    -43.34792    15.20764
                               29  |  -17.83635   17.02649    -1.05   0.295    -51.20766    15.53496
                               30  |   3.434447   5.390104     0.64   0.524    -7.129963    13.99886
                               31  |  -13.15709   20.11867    -0.65   0.513    -52.58895    26.27477
                               32  |  -7.722982   17.19498    -0.45   0.653    -41.42452    25.97855
                               33  |  -9.717211    13.6117    -0.71   0.475    -36.39565    16.96123
                               34  |  -15.92934   18.70006    -0.85   0.394    -52.58079    20.72211
                               35  |  -14.38664    19.2356    -0.75   0.455    -52.08772    23.31445
                               36  |  -12.20892   22.23634    -0.55   0.583    -55.79135    31.37351
                               37  |   .0051167   4.497567     0.00   0.999    -8.809953    8.820187
                               38  |  -6.282857   10.34629    -0.61   0.544    -26.56122    13.99551
                               39  |  -11.19599   7.957164    -1.41   0.159    -26.79174    4.399765
                               40  |  -7.552288   18.32533    -0.41   0.680    -43.46927    28.36469
                               41  |  -6.333827   8.821327    -0.72   0.473    -23.62331    10.95566
                               42  |  -18.05051   19.38655    -0.93   0.352    -56.04746    19.94643
                               43  |  -14.12296   11.92001    -1.18   0.236    -37.48575    9.239824
                               44  |  -13.22606   12.51803    -1.06   0.291    -37.76095    11.30882
                               45  |  -11.49708   5.769896    -1.99   0.046    -22.80587    -.188288
                               46  |  -10.41843   12.55801    -0.83   0.407    -35.03168    14.19483
                               47  |  -14.30562   12.00668    -1.19   0.233    -37.83828     9.22704
                               48  |  -18.37867   13.72826    -1.34   0.181    -45.28557    8.528221
                               49  |  -19.14123   12.02305    -1.59   0.111    -42.70597    4.423515
                               50  |  -20.62076   16.93637    -1.22   0.223    -53.81544    12.57391
                               51  |   -13.8127   15.83172    -0.87   0.383     -44.8423    17.21691
                               52  |  -17.91713   16.65159    -1.08   0.282    -50.55364    14.71939
                               53  |  -19.10946   15.00878    -1.27   0.203    -48.52613    10.30722
                               54  |  -12.23279    12.5827    -0.97   0.331    -36.89443    12.42885
                               55  |  -13.55661   10.66135    -1.27   0.204    -34.45247    7.339252
                               56  |   -2.00331   11.02483    -0.18   0.856    -23.61158    19.60496
                               57  |  -.5619826   11.16689    -0.05   0.960    -22.44868    21.32471
                               58  |  -21.15548   17.76525    -1.19   0.234    -55.97472    13.66377
                               59  |  -7.837952   14.35362    -0.55   0.585    -35.97052    20.29462
                               60  |  -16.42983   15.40485    -1.07   0.286    -46.62277    13.76311
                               61  |  -6.715447   17.63127    -0.38   0.703     -41.2721     27.8412
                               62  |  -8.546609   16.95135    -0.50   0.614    -41.77065    24.67743
                               63  |   1.646328   20.14851     0.08   0.935    -37.84402    41.13668
                               64  |  -11.88562   18.57405    -0.64   0.522    -48.29008    24.51885
                               65  |  -8.823802   22.64849    -0.39   0.697    -53.21403    35.56643
                               66  |  -1.888466   6.488531    -0.29   0.771    -14.60575    10.82882
                               67  |  -5.973834   14.79524    -0.40   0.686    -34.97198    23.02431
                               68  |  -13.73202   12.68566    -1.08   0.279    -38.59545    11.13141
                               69  |  -4.174732   19.46113    -0.21   0.830    -42.31785    33.96838
                               70  |  -12.08607   14.72926    -0.82   0.412    -40.95488    16.78275
                               71  |  -11.72856   15.61252    -0.75   0.453    -42.32854    18.87142
                               72  |   -16.2023    13.2867    -1.22   0.223    -42.24375    9.839158
                               73  |  -10.35207   12.72753    -0.81   0.416    -35.29757    14.59343
                               74  |  -7.974503   18.75657    -0.43   0.671     -44.7367    28.78769
                               75  |  -16.76402   12.36647    -1.36   0.175    -41.00186    7.473823
                               76  |  -14.30467   19.14774    -0.75   0.455    -51.83355     23.2242
                               77  |  -8.309636   7.692913    -1.08   0.280    -23.38747    6.768197
                               78  |  -5.786753   6.489998    -0.89   0.373    -18.50692     6.93341
                               79  |  -13.01002   11.17229    -1.16   0.244    -34.90732    8.887274
                               80  |  -2.353779   15.54018    -0.15   0.880    -32.81198    28.10442
                               81  |  -7.351406    14.7876    -0.50   0.619    -36.33456    21.63175
                               82  |  -15.90525   13.32669    -1.19   0.233    -42.02509    10.21458
                                   |
                             _cons |   160.3004   72.19848     2.22   0.026     18.79398    301.8068
-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                           sigma_u |          0
                           sigma_e |  4.3599383
                               rho |          0   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. margins, dydx(Treatment2024) at(LNRegisteredVoters =(8(0.5)12.5)) vsquish

Average marginal effects                                   Number of obs = 488
Model VCE: Robust

Expression: Linear prediction, predict()
dy/dx wrt:  1.Treatment2024
1._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s =    8
2._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s =  8.5
3._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s =    9
4._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s =  9.5
5._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s =   10
6._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s = 10.5
7._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s =   11
8._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s = 11.5
9._at:  LNRegisteredVo~s =   12
10._at: LNRegisteredVo~s = 12.5

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |            Delta-method
             |      dy/dx   std. err.      z    P>|z|     [95% conf. interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
0.Treat~2024 |  (base outcome)
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
1.Treat~2024 |
         _at |
          1  |  -2.334432   2.142745    -1.09   0.276    -6.534136    1.865271
          2  |  -1.611874   1.778712    -0.91   0.365    -5.098086    1.874338
          3  |  -.8893151    1.43693    -0.62   0.536    -3.705646    1.927016
          4  |  -.1667566   1.137633    -0.15   0.883    -2.396475    2.062962
          5  |    .555802   .9231135     0.60   0.547    -1.253467    2.365071
          6  |   1.278361   .8593948     1.49   0.137    -.4060222    2.962743
          7  |   2.000919   .9764581     2.05   0.040     .0870964    3.914742
          8  |   2.723478   1.223467     2.23   0.026     .3255262    5.121429
          9  |   3.446036   1.539079     2.24   0.025     .4294974    6.462575
         10  |   4.168595   1.889218     2.21   0.027     .4657953    7.871394
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: dy/dx for factor levels is the discrete change from the base level.

. 
. marginsplot, yline(0) title("Turnout") ytitle("")

Variables that uniquely identify margins: LNRegisteredVoters

. 
. log close
